서 론
1. 연구의 필요성
대상 및 방법
1. 연구 질문 도출
2. 관련 문헌 찾기-검색 전략
3. 문헌 선정
Table 1.
4. 자료 기입
5. 결과의 수집, 요약, 보고
결 과
1. 선정된 문헌의 일반적 특성
Table 2.
Nation | Study | Design | Setting | Subjects | Aims | Category |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ireland | Mc Carthy et al. (2021) | Mixed method (before-after study +qualitative) | Acute care, intellectual disability nursing, public health, mental health | 57 Nurses and midwives | To evaluate differences in supervisees’ understanding of clinical supervision and perceptions of organizational functioning | Clinical supervision |
UK | Little et al. (2018) | quantitative | Community nursing service | 25 Health visitors, school nurse, children's nurse, safeguarding nurse specialist |
To investigate the effectiveness of safeguarding supervision offered by community services To identify factors that hinder or enhance its delivery |
Clinical supervision |
Australia | Love et al. (2017) | Mixed method (survey+qualitative) | Local Health Districts in Northern New South Wales | 225 Midwives | To identify understanding, uptake, perceptions of impact, and the experiences of midwives accessing clinical supervision | s Clinical supervision |
UK | Wallbank (2013) | Quantitative (before-after study) |
NHS West Midlands DH service level |
174 Health visitors | To evaluate group supervision as a tool to Maintain the resilience | Clinical supervision |
UK | Wallbank & Woods (2012) | Quantitative (before-after study) |
NHS West Midlands DH service level 13 trusts |
1,805 Health visitors | To describe the restorative model of supervision and its implications for community professionals | Clinical supervision |
Ghana | Bellerose et al. (2021) | Mixed method (survey+qualitative) | Five districts in the Greater Accra and Volta regions of Ghana | Survey: 197 Community health nurses Interview: 29 nurses, 4 focus groups (23 nurses) |
To describe CHN supervision experiences, To determine whether the frequency and content of supervision differ by type of supervisor To assess whether CHN supervision experiences align with the principles of supportive supervision |
Mentoring |
Rwanda | Nyiringango et al. (2021) | Quantitative (before-after study) | District hospitals | 169 Nurses and midwives | To assess nurses’ and midwives’ (mentees’) knowledge about and self-efficacy for neonatal resuscitation | Mentoring |
UK | Austin & Halpin (2021) | Qualitative | Children's hospital within a large NHS Trust | 10 Newly qualified pediatric nurses |
To determine if the PPM provided the support To determine if the seniority of the PPM was a barrier or enabler To determine if the PPM scheme influenced the recruitment or retention To identify any changes required to the PPM role and scheme |
Mentoring |
Nepal | Goyet et al. (2020) | Quantitative (before-after study) | Comprehensive or basic EmONC centers and birthing centers in Nepal | 308 MNC nurses | To describe a mentoring program aimed at improving emergency MNC | Mentoring |
India | Bradley et al. (2017) | Quantitative (RCT) | 108 Primary health centres in Karnataka, India | 295 Nurses, midwives | To assess its effectiveness on nurses’ knowledge and skills | Mentoring |
Rwanda | Manzi et al. (2014) | Qualitative | District hospitals | 40 Health care workers from 21 MESH-supported health centers | d To explore perceptions and acceptability of MESH (IMCI nurse mentees and health center directors) | Mentoring |
CHN, community health nurse; PPM, personal professional mentor; NHS, National Health Service; DH, Department of Health; MNC, maternal and newborn care; EmONC, emergency obstetrical and newborn care; RCT, randomized controlled trial; MESH, mentoring and enhanced supervision at health centers; IMCI, integrated management of childhood illness.
2. 임상실무 슈퍼비전과 멘토링 적용 방법
Table 3.
Study | Type of clinical supervision model | Session or period | Contents | Characteristics of supervisors | Category |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mc Carthy et al. (2021) | Proctor model Group supervision |
Total 12 sessions (monthly) One hour per session |
Enabling effective professional practice Addressing quality of work, decision-making, information receipt/delivery, and work issues Maintained written records from supervisors, and kept reflection journals from supervisees. |
4 Supervisors who held appropriate accreditation for this role | Clinical supervision |
Little et al. (2018) | The restorative supervision model | NA | Discussing and writing records kept of action taken about health care related individual children | Safeguarding nurse specialists | Clinical supervision |
Love et al. (2017) |
Clinical supervision for role development model Group supervision+ Individual supervision |
NA | NA | Midwives who received for clinical supervision for role development training | Clinical supervision |
Wallbank (2013) |
The restorative supervision model Group supervision |
2 Group sessions after up to 6 sessions (individual) Average number of groups: 5.46 |
Maintaining the resilience of the professional | A member of the supervisory team Senior health visitors who have various backgrounds (specialist clinical roles, team management, professional lead role, safeguarding) | Clinical supervision |
Wallbank & Woods (2012) |
The restorative supervision model Individual supervision |
6 Sessions (1:1) |
Focusing the professional on their own capacity to think and make decision Helping the professional reflect on their own contribution to the situations they faced |
A member of the supervisory team Senior health visitors who have various backgrounds (specialist clinical roles, team management, professional lead role, safeguarding) | Clinical supervision |
Nyiringango et al. (2021) | Practice-based mentorship (1:1) delivered by the training, support, and access model for maternal, newborn and child health | Once a month, 6 months |
The mentor worked with mentees in all cases The mentees observed the mentor and the mentor asked related questions The mentee performed neonatal resuscitation and the mentor helped and provided constructive feedback |
Midwives with expert who were practicing in maternity units The selected mentors attended a 2-week educational session about emergency obstetrics. In addition, the educational session emphasized what mentorship was, how to be an effective mentor, and how to facilitate the learning of their future assigned mentee |
Mentoring |
Goyet et al. (2020) | Individual (supportive supervision) | Monthly (less than 4 per year∼weekly or more often) |
Meeting clinical targets Advice on handling specific cases or patients Time management Attitudes towards work Help with challenges related to thei work |
14 Clinical mentors were nursing graduates with extensive maternity and public health and training experience Subdistrict head, health center incharge, incharge supervisor | Mentoring |
Bradley et al. (2017) | Individual(on-site regular mentoring visits in combination with case sheets) | 2-3 Days every two months(total of six times during the first year) |
Upgrading staff nurse knowledge and skills through case reviews, Demonstrations and modeling of good practice, bed-side case discussions, and small group teachings The mentors focused on team building and self-assessment problem-solving around all aspects |
11 Nurse mentors, each responsible for 5-6 intervention PHCs were recruited Mentors were trained for 5 weeks (in essential clinical competencies and in how to effectively mentor PHC staff in clinical knowledge and skills, team building, problem-solving, and service delivery improvement) Used tools and approaches such as self-assessments, observations, clinical and case sheet audits, and interviews as aids to make an assessment of capacities in the facilities |
Mentoring |
Manzi et al. (2014) |
Individual (on-site individual mentoring) MESH intervention |
2-3 Day intensive visits to health centers every 4 to 6 weeks |
Daily visits to health centers, providing side-by-side mentoring, coaching, and supporting HCWs in translating data into quality improvement initiatives On-site case management observation and side-by-side mentoring, support for higher-level problem-solving, diagnostic, and decision-making skills, leading case discussions, and helping the health centers team address quality issues |
MESH mentors are Rewanda nurses with university nursing degree and hand-on experience in their clinical area Mentors were selected based on competency in clinical domains (written exam) and experience and competency in mentoring or coaching and interpersonal skills (interviews)., |
Mentoring |
3. 임상실무 슈퍼비전과 멘토링 효과
Table 4.
Study | Measurement | Effects of benefits | Category | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Quantitative methods | Qualitative methods | |||
Mc Carthy et al. (2021) |
SOF MCSS-26 |
SOF (pre, post) MCSS-26© (post only): total mean score for all supervisees was 80.3, which is above the indicative threshold (mean 73) |
<Pre> A means of giving/getting support to/from colleagues A means of reflecting on their practice, shared learning through discussion or developing professional knowledge. <Post> To share their clinical experiences, problems and vulnerabilities with colleagues The opportunity to work as a group to solve problems, rather than in isolation Better understand the limitations of their role Opportunity to get to know colleagues |
Clinical supervision |
Little et al. (2018) | NA | NA |
Management of distress and desensitization Improving practice Reflection on practice Provide clarity and expert advice |
Clinical supervision |
Love et al. (2017) |
Perception of CS: clinical work, nonclinical work, interpersonal communication skills, situational responses, career goals Nursing Workplace Satisfaction Questionnaire: intrinsic, extrinsic, relational |
Correlation of session frequency of CS by self-reported impact: All Sig Sig in group and individual CS Total job satisfaction (sig), intrinsic (sig), extrinsic (NS), relational (NS) |
Improving practice: ‘bringing out the best of me’ Developing personally: ‘finding my own answers’ Feeling valued and valuing myself: ‘my time’ |
Clinical supervision |
Wallbank (2013) |
PROQOL Compassion satisfaction Burnout Compassion fatigue Impact of event scale Stress |
Compassion satisfaction: 44,2→45.21 (p<0.001) Burnout 42,81→22.81 (p=0.01) Stress 43.35→15.81 (p<0.001) |
More able to build productive Group model enhances the individual model via normalizing and managing conflict |
Clinical supervision |
Wallbank & Woods (2012) |
PROQOL Compassion satisfaction Burnout Compassion fatigue Impact of event scale Stress |
Compassion satisfaction: 44.2→44.72 Burnout 42,81→24.71 Stress 43.35→16.86 |
Being able to think about themselves and their own learning needs Becoming creative and energetic enough to think about developing their service |
Clinical supervision |
Nyiringango et al. (2021) | Demographic characteristics; KNR, SENR |
KNR 78.6→93.38 SENR 7.2→9.3 |
NA | Mentoring |
Goyet et al. (2020) | Knowledge Clinical skills |
Significant and positive increase of 28.3% in knowledge Clinical skills increased at the end of the program (+ 62.7%) |
Mentoring builds teamwork, staff confidence, motivation, and a sense of ownership and pride | Mentoring |
Bradley et al. (2017) | Nurses' knowledge and skills about normal labour, labour complications and neonate issues | Intervention group (both case-sheets and received mentoring): almost twice higher on the normal labour and neonate indices, 2.3 times higher scores on the complications of labour index than the control group | NA | Mentoring |
Manzi et al. (2014) | NA | NA |
Interactive collaborative capacity building, system improvement Bridging skills and knowledge gaps through ongoing, on-site mentoring at health centers Supporting systems-based QI at health centers to address gaps in facility systems and operations |
Mentoring |
SOF, Survey of Organizational Function; MCSS-26, Manchester Clinical Supervision Scale, 26-item; NS, not significant; NA, not available; CS, clinical supervision; PROQOL, Professional Quality of Life Scale; KNR, knowledge about neonatal resuscitation; SENR, self-efficacy for neonatal resuscitation; QI, quality improvement.
4. 임상실무 슈퍼비전과 멘토링 수행의 촉진 요인과 장애 요인
Table 5.
Study | Facilitating factors | Obstacle factors | Category |
---|---|---|---|
Mc Carthy et al. (2021) | <Post> | <Pre> | Clinical supervision |
Provision of protected time and acceptance | Maintaining confidentiality | ||
Rooms were booked and dates planned well in advance | Not having the time to commit to supervision. | ||
<Post> | |||
Travel time | |||
Heavy workloads, competing demands and difficulties | |||
Little et al. (2018) | Very supportive supervisor | Everyday practicalities: time pressures or the lack of available office space | Clinical supervision |
Priority over making time for safeguarding supervision | |||
Love et al. (2017) | Sessions: formal, structured and confidential | Misunderstanding the meaning and context of clinical supervision | Clinical supervision |
Supervisors: trained, credible, objective, trusted | Lack of time due to work pressures | ||
Limited availability/new staff member/not had opportunity/casual | |||
Lack of information/thought it was for new staff or students | |||
An indulgence | |||
Austin & Halpin (2021) | Experienced nurse working outside the | The role and initiative of PPM should be more showcased within the Trust | Mentoring |
NQN's job location | It would help the PPM and staff within the Trust to understand the role and how it differs from other existing roles (It had the potential to attract | ||
Available and accessible | |||
Possible to talk confidentially. | NQNs to apply for a job at the Trust) | ||
Meet fairly informally, away from the immediate workplace to talk | PPM should contact the newly qualified nurse first | ||
Not designated, protected, mandatory time allocated to a PPM | |||
Bellerose et al. (2021) | At least monthly | Feedback received from input on meeting clinical targets (+/-) | Mentoring |
Feedback on specific cases or patients | Neutral or disagreed that supervisors help them with job-related challenges | ||
More routine supervision visits | |||
Easy to talk to supervisors | Sometimes felt criticized, and recognized that support could be limited | ||
Positive reinforcement and respect from their supervisors | |||
Manzi et al. (2014) | Active listening and relationship | Staff turn-over | Mentoring |
Supporting not policing | Insufficient number or small size of consultation rooms | ||
Real-time feedback. | Drug stock-outs & supply shortages |